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Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object-oriented, general-purpose programming language. Ruby is a pure Object-Oriented language developed by Yukihiro Matsumoto. Everything in Ruby is an object except the blocks but there are replacements too for it i.e procs and lambda. The objective of Ruby’s development was to make it act as a sensible buffer between human programmers and the underlying computing machinery.

 Ruby Programming Language

Ruby is based on many other languages like Perl, Lisp, Smalltalk, Eiffel and Ada. It is an interpreted scripting language which means most of its implementations execute instructions directly and freely, without previously compiling a program into machine-language instructions. Ruby programmers also have access to the powerful RubyGems (RubyGems provides a standard format for Ruby programs and libraries).

 Ruby Programming Language

About Ruby’s Growth
Since its public release in 1995, Ruby has drawn devoted coders worldwide. In 2006, Ruby achieved mass acceptance. With active user groups formed in the world’s major cities and Ruby-related conferences filled to capacity. Ruby-Talk, the primary mailing list for discussion of the Ruby language, climbed to an average of 200 messages per day in 2006. It has dropped in recent years as the size of the community pushed discussion from one central list into many smaller groups. Ruby is ranked among the top 10 on most of the indices that measure the growth and popularity of programming languages worldwide (such as the TIOBE index). Much of the growth is attributed to the popularity of software written in Ruby, particularly the Ruby on Rails web framework. Ruby is also completely free. Not only free of charge, but also free to use, copy, modify, and distribute.

 Ruby Programming Language

Features of Ruby
Ruby language has many features. Some of them are explained below:
Object-oriented – Flexibility – Expressive feature – Mixins – Visual appearance – Dynamic typing and Duck typing – Exception handling – Garbage collector – Portable – Keywords – Statement delimiters – Variable constants – Naming conventions – Keyword arguments – Method names – Singleton methods – Missing method Case Sensitive

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The term Scala is a combination of the words ‘scalable’ and ‘language,’ denoting one of the most scalable programming languages in the computing world. Visualized by Martin Odersky and his team in 2001, Scala had its first public release in 2004 and was modified for the .Net framework in the same year. It was released as version 2.0 in March 2006, with the most recent version (2.13.1) released in June 2019.

 Scala Programming Language

As a compiler-based programming language, Scala is fast and efficient. Its advantage lies in its capability to run on the JVM (Java virtual machine). This makes it possible for both the Java and Scala stacks to be seamlessly integrated. 
Scala language is being developed actively, as is evident from the number of contributors (450) on the GitHub Scala repository and is being used to develop several scalable concurrent applications.

 Scala Programming Language

Features of Scala Programming Language
Scala has many features that make it different from other languages, which is why developers are queuing to learn Scala programming language. These features and advantages include:
– Ecosystem. Scala programming language is supported by many tools and frameworks in concurrency, for various implementations. For instance: Apache Spark for big data, Apache Kafka for high throughput messaging system, and Play framework for building web apps.
– Extensible language. Scala supports multiple language constructs that can be added to Scala as libraries. Most importantly, Scala also interpolates with the JRE (Java runtime environment).

 Scala Programming Language

– Allows the creation of DSL. Scala has several built-in features such as ‘implicit’ and ‘overloaded operators’ that enable you to create your domain-specific language (DSL) without language proficiency at an expert level.
– Object-oriented. Every value used in Scala is saved as an object by default. So first-class objects and anonymous functions are supported in Scala.
-Functional programming. Scala offers a lightweight syntax for creating higher-order functions (i.e., you can pass a function as an argument to another function). 
– Concurrent and synchronized processing. Scala allows you to write the codes in an immutable manner for synchronized and concurrent processing.
– Statically typed. In Scala, the process of verifying and enforcing the constraints of types is inferred at compile time automatically. 

 Scala Programming Language

– Interoperability. Both Scala and Java have a shared runtime environment that allows a user to move between them for execution in both environments. While Scala can be executed into existing Java projects, all classes of Java SDK can be used by Scala as well. So there is no need to give up on existing Java libraries, as Scala enables the mixing of the Java Code. Also, with the Scala libraries, a user can customize Java classes. 
– No Semicolon. Scala does not use a semicolon after every statement. Instead, the newline character is used as the separator.
– Big data use. Scala is the most widely used language by big data developers because of its scalability on the JVM. Use cases of Spark with Scala include Alibaba and Netflix.

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 PHP is a server-side scripting language. that is used to develop Static websites or Dynamic websites or Web applications. PHP stands for Hypertext Pre-processor, which earlier stood for Personal Home Pages. PHP scripts can only be interpreted on a server that has PHP installed. The client computers accessing the PHP scripts require a web browser only.

A PHP file contains PHP tags and ends with the extension “.php”.

 PHP

Why choose PHP over JavaScript, then? The main difference between the two is that with JavaScript runs on the client (e.g. your browser) whereas PHP runs on your server, generating HTML which is then sent to the client.
What can PHP do? Well, anything; but there are three main areas where it is used:
– Server-side scripting – the main field for PHP. If you are an amateur practicing at home, this is the way to do it.
-Command-line scripting – ideal for scripts made using Cron or Task Scheduler. Also great for simple text processing.
-Writing desktop applications – PHP is probably not the best language to use to create desktop applications but for the advanced web developer, it provides you with many more options than its competitors.

 PHP

Why use PHP?
You have obviously heard of a number of programming languages out there; you may be wondering why we would want to use PHP as our poison for web programming. Below are some of the compelling reasons.
– PHP is open-source and free.
-Short learning curve compared to other languages such as JSP, ASP etc.
-Large community document
-Most web hosting servers support PHP by default unlike other languages such as ASP that need IIS. This makes PHP a cost-effective choice.
-PHP is regular updated to keep abreast with the latest technology trends.
-Another benefit that you get with PHP is that it’s a server-side scripting language; this means you only need to install it on the server and client computers requesting resources from the server do not need to have PHP installed; only a web browser would be enough.
– PHP has inbuilt support for working hand in hand with MySQL; this doesn’t mean you can’t use PHP with other database management systems. You can still use PHP with
Postgres – Oracle – MS SQL Server – ODBC etc.
– PHP is cross-platform; this means you can deploy your application on a number of different operating systems such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS etc.

 PHP

What you need for PHP will generally be on your desktop. It can be used on all major operating systems (Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X to name a few). PHP also supports many of the most widely used servers, meaning you’ll have the luxury of choice if you decide to use it. Undoubtedly, the best thing about PHP is the fact that it’s easy to pick up for complete novices while having all of the advanced features that a seasoned professional could ask for. PHP’s abilities are not restricted to HTML either – you can produce anything from an image to flash movies.

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C++ is a powerful general-purpose programming language. It can be used to develop operating systems, browsers, games, and so on. C++ supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and so on. This makes C++ powerful as well as flexible.
C++ is a very popular language for performance-critical applications that rely on speed and efficient memory management. It’s used in a wide range of industries including software and game development, VR, robotics, and scientific computing.

 C++ Programming language

C++ Language Features
Some of the interesting features of C++ are:
Object-oriented: C++ is an object-oriented programming language. This means that the focus is on “objects” and manipulations around these objects. Information about how these manipulations work is abstracted out from the consumer of the object.
Rich library support: Through C++ Standard Template Library (STL) many functions are available that help in quickly writing code. For instance, there are standard libraries for various containers like sets, maps, hash tables, etc.
Speed: C++ is the preferred choice when latency is a critical metric. The compilation, as well as the execution time of a C++ program, is much faster than most other general purpose programming languages.
Compiled: A C++ code has to be first compiled into low-level code and then executed, unlike interpreted programming languages where no compilation is needed.
Pointer Support: C++ also supports pointers which are widely used in programming and are often not available in several programming languages.

 C++ Programming language

It is one of the most important programming languages because almost all the programs/systems that you use have some or the other part of the codebase that is written in C/C++. Be it Windows, be it the photo editing software, be it your favorite game, be it your web browser, C++ plays an integral role in almost all applications that we use.

 C++ Programming language

Advantages of C++ Language
C++ has the following 2 features that make it a preferred choice in most of the applications:
Speed: C++ is faster than most other programming languages and it provides excellent concurrency support. This makes it useful in those areas where performance is quite critical and the latency required is very low. Such requirements occur all the time in high-load servers such as web servers, application servers, database servers, etc. C++ plays a key role in such servers.
Closer to hardware: C++ is closer to hardware than most other programming languages like Python, etc. This makes it useful in those areas where the software is closely coupled with hardware and low-level support is required at the software level.

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C is a general-purpose programming language that is extremely popular, simple, and flexible to use. It is a structured programming language that is machine-independent and extensively used to write various applications, Operating Systems like Windows, and many other complex programs like Oracle database, Git, Python interpreter, and more.

 C programming language

History of C Language
The history of the C language is interesting to know. C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories of AT&T (American Telephone & Telegraph), located in the U.S.A.
Dennis Ritchie is known as the founder of the c language.

 C programming language

Where is C used? Key Applications
– ‘C’ language is widely used in embedded systems.
– It is used for developing system applications.
– It is widely used for developing desktop applications.
– Most of the applications by Adobe are developed using ‘C’ programming language.
– It is used for developing browsers and their extensions. Google’s Chromium is built using ‘C’ programming language.
– It is used to develop databases. MySQL is the most popular database software which is built using ‘C’.
– It is used in developing an operating system. Operating systems such as Apple’s OS X, Microsoft’s Windows, and Symbian are developed using ‘C’ language. It is used for developing desktop as well as mobile phone’s operating system.
– It is used for compiler production.
– It is widely used in IOT applications.

 C Programming Language

Features of C Language
C is the widely used language. It provides many features that are given below.
Simple
Machine Independent or Portable
Mid-level programming language
structured programming language
Rich Library
Memory Management
Fast Speed
Pointers
Recursion
Extensible

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